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New Hollywood or post-classical Hollywood, sometimes referred to as the "American New Wave", refers to the time from the mid 1960s (''Bonnie and Clyde'', ''The Graduate'') to the early 1980s (''Heaven's Gate'', ''One from the Heart'') when a new generation of young filmmakers came to prominence in United States, influencing the types of films produced, their production and marketing, and the way major studios approached filmmaking. In New Hollywood films, the film director took on a key authorial role. The films they made were part of the studio system, and although these individuals were not "independent filmmakers", they introduced subject matter and styles that set them apart from the studio traditions that an earlier generation had established ca. 1920s–1950s. New Hollywood has also been defined as a broader filmmaking movement influenced by this period, which has been called the "Hollywood renaissance". ==Background and overview== Following the Paramount Case, which ended block booking and ownership of theater chains by film studios and the advent of television, both of which severely weakened the traditional studio system, Hollywood studios initially used spectacle to retain profitability. Technicolor developed a far more widespread use, while widescreen processes and technical improvements, such as CinemaScope, stereo sound and others, such as 3-D, were invented in order to retain the dwindling audience and compete with television. However, these were generally unsuccessful in increasing profits.〔David E James, Allegories of Cinema, American film in the Sixties, Princeton University Press, New York, 1989, pp. 14–26〕 By 1957 ''Life'' magazine called the previous decade "the horrible decade" for Hollywood.〔 The 1950s and early 60s saw a Hollywood dominated by musicals, historical epics, and other films that benefited from the larger screens, wider framing and improved sound. Hence, as early as 1957, the era was dubbed a "New Hollywood". However, audience share continued to dwindle, and had reached alarmingly low levels by the mid-1960s. Several costly flops, including ''Tora! Tora! Tora!'', and ''Hello, Dolly!'', and failed attempts to replicate the success of ''The Sound of Music'', put great strain on the studios. By the time the baby boomer generation was coming of age in the 1960s, 'Old Hollywood' was rapidly losing money; the studios were unsure how to react to the much changed audience demographics. The change in market during the period went from a middle aged high school educated audience in the mid 60s, to a younger, more affluent, college-educated demographic: by the mid 70s, 76% of all movie-goers were under 30, 64% of whom had gone to college. European art films (especially the Commedia all'italiana, the French New Wave, and the Spaghetti Western) and Japanese cinema were making a splash in United States — the huge market of disaffected youth seemed to find relevance and artistic meaning in movies like Michelangelo Antonioni's ''Blowup'', with its oblique narrative structure and full-frontal female nudity.〔David A Cook, “Auteur Cinema and the film generation in 70s Hollywood”, in The New American Cinema by Jon Lewis (ed), Duke University Press, New York, 1998, pp. 1–4〕〔Stefan Kanfer, The Shock of Freedom in Films, Time Magazine, Dec 8 1967, Accessed 25 April 2009, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844256-7,00.html〕 The desperation felt by studios during this period of economic downturn, and after the losses from expensive movie flops, led to innovation and risk-taking, allowing greater control by younger directors and producers. Therefore, in an attempt to capture that audience which found a connection to the "art films" of Europe, the Studios hired a host of young filmmakers (many of whom were mentored by Roger Corman) and allowed them to make their films with relatively little studio control. This, together with the breakdown of the Production Code in 1966 and the new ratings system in 1968 (reflecting growing market segmentation) set the scene for New Hollywood. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「New Hollywood」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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